Abstract :
This research investigates the psychological impact of digital communication on feelings of loneliness and social isolation among the Argentinean population. As digital platforms such as social media, messaging apps, and video calls become increasingly prevalent, their influence on social interactions and emotional well-being is a growing concern. This qualitative, exploratory study examines how different age groups, including teenagers, young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults, experience loneliness in the digital age. The research utilizes in-depth interviews, focus groups, and observational studies to capture the subjective experiences of individuals across diverse demographics. Findings reveal that while digital communication offers new opportunities for connection, it often exacerbates feelings of loneliness due to superficial interactions, social comparison, and the pressure to maintain an idealized online presence. The study highlights significant age-specific differences in digital loneliness, with younger participants experiencing heightened social comparison and validation-seeking, while older adults face challenges related to digital literacy and adapting to new technologies. The research also identifies various coping mechanisms employed by participants, including digital detox strategies and the pursuit of offline social connections. The study’s findings contribute to the broader understanding of digital loneliness, offering insights for mental health professionals, technology developers, and policymakers. Recommendations include promoting digital literacy, fostering balanced technology use, and designing supportive digital environments that prioritize meaningful social interactions. The research underscores the need for ongoing exploration of the complex relationship between digital communication and loneliness, particularly in the culturally specific context of Argentina.

Keywords :
Argentinean Population, Coping Mechanisms, Digital Communication, Digital Literacy, Loneliness, Mental Health, Psychological Impacts, Social Comparison, Social Isolation, Social Media.

–

References :

• Acerbi, A. (2019). Cultural evolution in the digital age. Oxford University Press.
• Akhter-Khan, S. C., Prina, M., Wong, G. H. Y., Mayston, R., & Li, L. (2023). Understanding and addressing older adults’ loneliness: The social relationship expectations framework. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 18(4), 762-777.
• Al Qudah, M. F., Al-Barashdi, H. S., Hassan, E. M. A. H., Albursan, I. S., Heilat, M. Q., Bakhiet, S. F. A., & Al-Khadher, M. A. (2020). Psychological security, psychological loneliness, and age as the predictors of cyber-bullying among university students. Community Mental Health Journal, 56, 393-403.
• Alberti, F. B. (2019). A biography of loneliness: The history of an emotion. Oxford University Press.
• Ameen, N., Hosany, S., & Taheri, B. (2023). Generation Z’s psychology and new‐age technologies: Implications for future research. Psychology & Marketing, 40(10), 2029-2040.
• Barbosa Neves, B., Waycott, J., & Maddox, A. (2023). When technologies are not enough: the challenges of digital interventions to address loneliness in later life. Sociological Research Online, 28(1), 150-170.
• Barreto, M., Victor, C., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M. T., & Qualter, P. (2021). Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness. Personality and individual differences, 169, 110066.
• Bhagat, S., Jeong, E. J., & Kim, D. J. (2020). The role of individuals’ need for online social interactions and interpersonal incompetence in digital game addiction. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 36(5), 449-463.
• Błachnio, A., & Przepiorka, A. (2019). Be aware! If you start using Facebook problematically you will feel lonely: Phubbing, loneliness, self-esteem, and Facebook intrusion. A cross-sectional study. Social Science Computer Review, 37(2), 270-278.
• Bollestad, V., Amland, J. S., & Olsen, E. (2022). The pros and cons of remote work in relation to bullying, loneliness and work engagement: A representative study among Norwegian workers during COVID-19. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 1016368.
• Bonfield, C. A., Salter, M., Longmuir, A., Benson, M., & Adachi, C. (2020). Transformation or evolution?: Education 4.0, teaching and learning in the digital age. Higher education pedagogies, 5(1), 223-246.
• Bonsaksen, T., Thygesen, H., Leung, J., Ruffolo, M., Schoultz, M., Price, D., & Østertun Geirdal, A. (2021). Video-based communication and its association with loneliness, mental health and quality of life among older people during the COVID-19 outbreak. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 6284.
• Boucher, E. M., McNaughton, E. C., Harake, N., Stafford, J. L., & Parks, A. C. (2021). The impact of a digital intervention (Happify) on loneliness during COVID-19: qualitative focus group. JMIR mental health, 8(2), e26617.
• Bound Alberti, F. (2018). This “modern epidemic”: Loneliness as an emotion cluster and a neglected subject in the history of emotions. Emotion Review, 10(3), 242-254.
• Bruehlman-Senecal, E., Hook, C. J., Pfeifer, J. H., FitzGerald, C., Davis, B., Delucchi, K. L., … & Ramo, D. E. (2020). Smartphone app to address loneliness among college students: pilot randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mental Health, 7(10), e21496.
• Bruggeman, H., Van Hiel, A., Van Hal, G., & Van Dongen, S. (2019). Does the use of digital media affect psychological well-being? An empirical test among children aged 9 to 12. Computers in Human Behavior, 101, 104-113.
• Buecker, S., & Horstmann, K. T. (2022). Loneliness and social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic. European Psychologist.
• Buecker, S., Mund, M., Chwastek, S., Sostmann, M., & Luhmann, M. (2021). Is loneliness in emerging adults increasing over time? A preregistered cross-temporal meta-analysis and systematic review. Psychological Bulletin, 147(8), 787.
• Bui, M., Krishen, A. S., Anlamlier, E., & Berezan, O. (2022). Fear of missing out in the digital age: The role of social media satisfaction and advertising engagement. Psychology & Marketing, 39(4), 683-693.
• Burholt, V., Windle, G., Gott, M., & Morgan, D. J. (2020). Technology-mediated communication in familial relationships: Moderated-mediation models of isolation and loneliness. The Gerontologist, 60(7), 1202-1212.
• Campbell, S. W., & Ross, M. Q. (2022). Re-conceptualizing solitude in the digital era: From “being alone” to “noncommunication”. Communication Theory, 32(3), 387-406.
• Cao, Q., An, J., Yang, Y., Peng, P., Xu, S., Xu, X., & Xiang, H. (2022). Correlation among psychological resilience, loneliness, and internet addiction among left-behind children in China: A cross-sectional study. Current Psychology, 41(7), 4566-4573.
• Charness, N., & Boot, W. R. (2022). A grand challenge for psychology: reducing the age-related digital divide. Current directions in psychological science, 31(2), 187-193.
• Cooper, K., Hards, E., Moltrecht, B., Reynolds, S., Shum, A., McElroy, E., & Loades, M. (2021). Loneliness, social relationships, and mental health in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 289, 98-104.
• Dahlberg, L. (2021). Loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic. Loneliness and Social Isolation in Old Age, 25(7), 191.
• Daniel, L., Robin, S., & Aleksander, M. (2022). Future facts: Unveiling mental health issues in the digital age. Fusion of Multidisciplinary Research, An International Journal, 3(2), 354-365.
• Della Longa, L., Valori, I., & Farroni, T. (2022). Interpersonal affective touch in a virtual world: feeling the social presence of others to overcome loneliness. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 795283.
• Döring, N., Conde, M., Brandenburg, K., Broll, W., Gross, H. M., Werner, S., & Raake, A. (2022). Can communication technologies reduce loneliness and social isolation in older people? A scoping review of reviews. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(18), 11310.
• Efrati, Y., & Amichai-Hamburger, Y. (2019). The use of online pornography as compensation for loneliness and lack of social ties among Israeli adolescents. Psychological reports, 122(5), 1865-1882.
• Ekinci, N. E., Yalcin, I., & Ayhan, C. (2019). Analysis of loneliness levels and digital game addiction of middle school students according to various variables. World Journal of Education, 9(1), 20-27.
• Erol, O., & Cirak, N. S. (2019). Exploring the loneliness and internet addiction level of college students based on demographic variables. Contemporary Educational Technology, 10(2), 156-172.
• Fang, Y., Chau, A. K., Wong, A., Fung, H. H., & Woo, J. (2018). Information and communicative technology use enhances psychological well-being of older adults: the roles of age, social connectedness, and frailty status. Aging & mental health, 22(11), 1516-1524.
• Fernandez, L., & Matt, S. J. (2019). Bored, lonely, angry, stupid: Changing feelings about technology, from the telegraph to Twitter. Harvard University Press.
• Francis, J., Ball, C., Kadylak, T., & Cotten, S. R. (2019). Aging in the digital age: Conceptualizing technology adoption and digital inequalities. Ageing and digital technology: Designing and evaluating emerging technologies for older adults, 35-49.
• Gabbiadini, A., Baldissarri, C., Durante, F., Valtorta, R. R., De Rosa, M., & Gallucci, M. (2020). Together apart: the mitigating role of digital communication technologies on negative affect during the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 554678.
• Gabbiadini, A., Baldissarri, C., Valtorta, R. R., Durante, F., & Mari, S. (2021). Loneliness, escapism, and identification with media characters: An exploration of the psychological factors underlying binge-watching tendency. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 785970.
• Gezgin, D. M., Hamutoglu, N. B., Sezen-Gultekin, G., & Ayas, T. (2018). The relationship between nomophobia and loneliness among Turkish adolescents. International Journal of Research in Education and Science, 4(2), 358-374.
• Granic, I., Morita, H., & Scholten, H. (2020). Beyond screen time: Identity development in the digital age. Psychological inquiry, 31(3), 195-223.
• Groarke, J. M., Berry, E., Graham-Wisener, L., McKenna-Plumley, P. E., McGlinchey, E., & Armour, C. (2020). Loneliness in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: Cross-sectional results from the COVID-19 Psychological Wellbeing Study. PloS one, 15(9), e0239698.
• Guntuku, S. C., Schneider, R., Pelullo, A., Young, J., Wong, V., Ungar, L., … & Merchant, R. (2019). Studying expressions of loneliness in individuals using twitter: an observational study. BMJ open, 9(11), e030355.
• Hards, E., Loades, M. E., Higson‐Sweeney, N., Shafran, R., Serafimova, T., Brigden, A., … & Borwick, C. (2022). Loneliness and mental health in children and adolescents with pre‐existing mental health problems: A rapid systematic review. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(2), 313-334.
• Hawkley, L. C., Wroblewski, K., Kaiser, T., Luhmann, M., & Schumm, L. P. (2019). Are US older adults getting lonelier? Age, period, and cohort differences. Psychology and Aging, 34(8), 1144.
• Hookway, N., Neves, B. B., Franklin, A., & Patulny, R. (2019). Loneliness and love in late modernity: Sites of tension and resistance. In Emotions in late modernity (pp. 83-97). Routledge.
• Hülür, G., & Macdonald, B. (2020). Rethinking social relationships in old age: Digitalization and the social lives of older adults. American Psychologist, 75(4), 554.
• Hysing, M., Petrie, K. J., Bøe, T., Lønning, K. J., & Sivertsen, B. (2020). Only the lonely: A study of loneliness among university students in Norway. Clinical psychology in Europe, 2(1), e2781.
• Jarzyna, C. L. (2021). Parasocial interaction, the COVID-19 quarantine, and digital age media. Human Arenas, 4(3), 413-429.
• Jiang, Q., Zhao, F., Xie, X., Wang, X., Nie, J., Lei, L., & Wang, P. (2022). Difficulties in emotion regulation and cyberbullying among Chinese adolescents: A mediation model of loneliness and depression. Journal of interpersonal violence, 37(1-2), NP1105-NP1124.
• Kanat, S. (2019). The relationship between digital game addiction, communicationskills and loneliness perception levels of university students. International Education Studies, 12(11).
• Khan, M. S. R., & Kadoya, Y. (2021). Loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic: a comparison between older and younger people. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(15), 7871.
• Kim, H. S., & Kim, M. (2020). Viewing sports online together? Psychological consequences on social live streaming service usage. Sport Management Review, 23(5), 869-882.
• Kim, J. H. (2018). Psychological issues and problematic use of smartphone: ADHD’s moderating role in the associations among loneliness, need for social assurance, need for immediate connection, and problematic use of smartphone. Computers in Human Behavior, 80, 390-398.
• Latikka, R., Koivula, A., Oksa, R., Savela, N., & Oksanen, A. (2022). Loneliness and psychological distress before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: Relationships with social media identity bubbles. Social Science & Medicine, 293, 114674.
• Lee, K., Vasileiou, K., & Barnett, J. (2019). ‘Lonely within the mother’: An exploratory study of first-time mothers’ experiences of loneliness. Journal of health psychology, 24(10), 1334-1344.
• Lim, M. H., Eres, R., & Vasan, S. (2020). Understanding loneliness in the twenty-first century: an update on correlates, risk factors, and potential solutions. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 55, 793-810.
• Lim, M. H., Gleeson, J. F., Rodebaugh, T. L., Eres, R., Long, K. M., Casey, K., … & Penn, D. L. (2020). A pilot digital intervention targeting loneliness in young people with psychosis. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 55, 877-889.
• Lim, M. H., Rodebaugh, T. L., Eres, R., Long, K. M., Penn, D. L., & Gleeson, J. F. (2019). A pilot digital intervention targeting loneliness in youth mental health. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, 453345.
• Lippke, S., Fischer, M. A., & Ratz, T. (2021). Physical activity, loneliness, and meaning of friendship in young individuals–a mixed-methods investigation prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic with three cross-sectional studies. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 617267.
• Lissitsa, S., Zychlinski, E., & Kagan, M. (2022). The Silent Generation vs Baby Boomers: Socio-demographic and psychological predictors of the “gray” digital inequalities. Computers in Human Behavior, 128, 107098.
• Liu, S., Heinzel, S., Haucke, M. N., & Heinz, A. (2021). Increased psychological distress, loneliness, and unemployment in the spread of COVID-19 over 6 months in Germany. Medicina, 57(1), 53.
• Loveys, K., Sagar, M., Pickering, I., & Broadbent, E. (2021). A digital human for delivering a remote loneliness and stress intervention to at-risk younger and older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: randomized pilot trial. JMIR mental health, 8(11), e31586.
• Luhmann, M., Buecker, S., & Rüsberg, M. (2023). Loneliness across time and space. Nature Reviews Psychology, 2(1), 9-23.
• Marston, H. R., Ivan, L., Fernández-Ardèvol, M., Rosales Climent, A., Gómez-León, M., Blanche-T, D., … & Rohner, R. (2020). COVID-19: technology, social connections, loneliness, and leisure activities: an international study protocol. Frontiers in Sociology, 5, 574811.
• Masur, P. K. (2021). Digital communication effects on loneliness and life satisfaction. In Oxford research encyclopedia of communication.
• Matthews, T., Danese, A., Caspi, A., Fisher, H. L., Goldman-Mellor, S., Kepa, A., … & Arseneault, L. (2019). Lonely young adults in modern Britain: findings from an epidemiological cohort study. Psychological medicine, 49(2), 268-277.
• McGinty, E. E., Presskreischer, R., Han, H., & Barry, C. L. (2020). Psychological distress and loneliness reported by US adults in 2018 and April 2020. Jama, 324(1), 93-94.
• McKenna-Plumley, P. E., Graham-Wisener, L., Berry, E., & Groarke, J. M. (2021). Connection, constraint, and coping: A qualitative study of experiences of loneliness during the COVID-19 lockdown in the UK. PloS one, 16(10), e0258344.
• Meates, J. (2020). Problematic Digital Technology Use of Children and Adolescents: Psychological Impact. Teachers and Curriculum, 20(1), 51-62.
• Müller, F., Röhr, S., Reininghaus, U., & Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2021). Social isolation and loneliness during COVID-19 lockdown: Associations with depressive symptoms in the German old-age population. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(7), 3615.
• Navarro, R., Larrañaga, E., Yubero, S., & Víllora, B. (2020). Psychological correlates of ghosting and breadcrumbing experiences: A preliminary study among adults. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(3), 1116.
• Neves, B. B., Colón Cabrera, D., Sanders, A., & Warren, N. (2023). Pandemic diaries: Lived experiences of loneliness, loss, and hope among older adults during COVID-19. The Gerontologist, 63(1), 120-130.
• Nimrod, G. (2020). Aging well in the digital age: Technology in processes of selective optimization with compensation. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 75(9), 2008-2017.
• Novotney, A. (2019). Continuing education the risks of social isolation. Monitor on Psychology, 50(5), 32-37.
• Nowland, R., Necka, E. A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2018). Loneliness and social internet use: pathways to reconnection in a digital world?. Perspectives on psychological science, 13(1), 70-87.
• Ozawa-de Silva, C., & Parsons, M. (2020). Toward an anthropology of loneliness. Transcultural Psychiatry, 57(5), 613-622.
• Peng, S., & Roth, A. R. (2022). Social isolation and loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study of US adults older than 50. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 77(7), e185-e190.
• Peper, E., & Harvey, R. (2018). Digital addiction: Increased loneliness, anxiety, and depression. NeuroRegulation, 5(1), 3-3.
• Prinstein, M. J., Nesi, J., & Telzer, E. H. (2020). Commentary: An updated agenda for the study of digital media use and adolescent development–future directions following Odgers & Jensen (2020). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(3), 349-352.
• Rasmussen, L. (2018). Parasocial interaction in the digital age: An examination of relationship building and the effectiveness of YouTube celebrities. The Journal of social media in society, 7(1), 280-294.
• Rauschenberg, C., Schick, A., Goetzl, C., Roehr, S., Riedel-Heller, S. G., Koppe, G., … & Reininghaus, U. (2021). Social isolation, mental health, and use of digital interventions in youth during the COVID-19 pandemic: A nationally representative survey. European Psychiatry, 64(1), e20.
• Rodrigues, N. G., Han, C. Q. Y., Su, Y., Klainin‐Yobas, P., & Wu, X. V. (2022). Psychological impacts and online interventions of social isolation amongst older adults during COVID‐19 pandemic: A scoping review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 78(3), 609-644.
• Safdar Bajwa, R., Abdullah, H., Zaremohzzabieh, Z., Wan Jaafar, W. M., & Abu Samah, A. (2023). Smartphone addiction and phubbing behavior among university students: A moderated mediation model by fear of missing out, social comparison, and loneliness. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1072551.
• Satyaninrum, I. R., Rumondor, P., Kurniawati, H., & Aziz, A. M. (2023). Promoting mental health in the digital age: Exploring the effects of social media use on psyhcological well-being. West Science Interdisciplinary Studies, 1(06), 248-256.
• Savage, R. D., Wu, W., Li, J., Lawson, A., Bronskill, S. E., Chamberlain, S. A., … & Rochon, P. A. (2021). Loneliness among older adults in the community during COVID-19: a cross-sectional survey in Canada. BMJ open, 11(4), e044517.
• Schlomann, A., Seifert, A., Zank, S., Woopen, C., & Rietz, C. (2020). Use of information and communication technology (ICT) devices among the oldest-old: Loneliness, anomie, and autonomy. Innovation in aging, 4(2), igz050.
• Shah, S. G. S., Nogueras, D., Van Woerden, H., & Kiparoglou, V. (2019). Effectiveness of digital technology interventions to reduce loneliness in adults: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ open, 9(9), e032455.
• Silva, P., Matos, A. D., & Martinez-Pecino, R. (2022). Can the internet reduce the loneliness of 50+ living alone?. Information, Communication & Society, 25(1), 17-33.
• Simons, M., Reijnders, J., Janssens, M., Lataster, J., & Jacobs, N. (2023). Staying connected in old age: associations between bonding social capital, loneliness and well-being and the value of digital media. Aging & mental health, 27(1), 147-155.
• Steele, R. G., Hall, J. A., & Christofferson, J. L. (2020). Conceptualizing digital stress in adolescents and young adults: Toward the development of an empirically based model. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 23(1), 15-26.
• Stockwell, S., Stubbs, B., Jackson, S. E., Fisher, A., Yang, L., & Smith, L. (2021). Internet use, social isolation and loneliness in older adults. Ageing & Society, 41(12), 2723-2746.
• Storm, B. C., & Soares, J. S. (2022). Memory in the digital age.
• Stuart, A., Katz, D., Stevenson, C., Gooch, D., Harkin, L., Bennasar, M., … & Nuseibeh, B. (2022). Loneliness in older people and COVID-19: applying the social identity approach to digital intervention design. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 6, 100179.
• Sun, L. (2023). Social media usage and students’ social anxiety, loneliness and well-being: does digital mindfulness-based intervention effectively work?. BMC psychology, 11(1), 362.
• Tesch-Roemer, C., & Huxhold, O. (2019). Social isolation and loneliness in old age. In Oxford research encyclopedia of psychology.
• Tras, Z. (2019). Internet addiction and loneliness as predictors of Internet Gaming Disorder in adolescents. Educational Research and Reviews, 14(13), 465-473.
• Trupp, M. D., Bignardi, G., Chana, K., Specker, E., & Pelowski, M. (2022). Can a brief interaction with online, digital art improve wellbeing? A comparative study of the impact of online art and culture presentations on mood, state-anxiety, subjective wellbeing, and loneliness. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 782033.
• Tutzer, F., Frajo-Apor, B., Pardeller, S., Plattner, B., Chernova, A., Haring, C., … & Hofer, A. (2021). Psychological distress, loneliness, and boredom among the general population of Tyrol, Austria during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 691896.
• Twenge, J. M. (2019). More time on technology, less happiness? Associations between digital-media use and psychological well-being. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(4), 372-379.
• Van Tilburg, T. G. (2022). Emotional, social, and existential loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: Prevalence and risk factors among Dutch older adults. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 77(7), e179-e184.
• Vasileiou, K., Barnett, J., Barreto, M., Vines, J., Atkinson, M., Long, K., … & Wilson, M. (2019). Coping with loneliness at university: A qualitative interview study with students in the UK. Mental Health & Prevention, 13, 21-30.
• Voiskunskii, A. E., & Soldatova, G. U. (2019). Epidemic of loneliness in a digital society: Hikikomori as a cultural and psychological phenomenon. И ПСИХОТЕРАПИЯ, 40.
• Von Soest, T., Luhmann, M., & Gerstorf, D. (2020). The development of loneliness through adolescence and young adulthood: Its nature, correlates, and midlife outcomes. Developmental psychology, 56(10), 1919.
• Wang, X., Wong, Y. D., & Yuen, K. F. (2021). Rise of ‘lonely’consumers in the post-COVID-19 era: A synthesised review on psychological, commercial and social implications. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(2), 404.
• Wilson, C. (2018). Is it love or loneliness? Exploring the impact of everyday digital technology use on the wellbeing of older adults. Ageing & Society, 38(7), 1307-1331.
• Wright, S., & Silard, A. (2021). Unravelling the antecedents of loneliness in the workplace. Human Relations, 74(7), 1060-1081.
• Yavich, R., Davidovitch, N., & Frenkel, Z. (2019). Social Media and Loneliness–Forever Connected?. Higher Education Studies, 9(2), 10-21.
• Yu, D. S. F., Li, P. W. C., Lin, R. S. Y., Kee, F., Chiu, A., & Wu, W. (2023). Effects of non-pharmacological interventions on loneliness among community-dwelling older adults: a systematic review, network meta-analysis, and meta-regression. International journal of nursing studies, 144, 104524.
• Yuldashev, F., Soliev, F., Zakirova, M., Ganieva, K., Yuldasheva, M., Djukhonova, N., & Muminov, D. (2021). The study of socio-psychological problem of loneliness. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 12(12), 2580-2590.
• Zhang, L., Li, C., Zhou, T., Li, Q., & Gu, C. (2022). Social networking site use and loneliness: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Psychology, 156(7), 492-511.

–

---

---

WEB – PAGE COUNTER