Abstract :
This research paper delves into the intricate aspects of criminal law, exploring the distinctions between substantive and procedural criminal law and the standards of evidence employed in each domain. It emphasizes the principle of the burden of proof as a cornerstone of the rule of law, underlining the presumption of innocence until an individual’s guilt is established beyond a reasonable doubt. The paper introduces a novel approach to justifying the practices of the criminal justice system, termed the ‘public law account’ of criminal justice. This perspective shifts the focus from moral considerations to the legitimacy of state power usage, aligning with the constitutional order and roles stipulated within it. It refrains from reshaping the criminal justice system into a mirror of private moral practices and upholds the necessity of coercive state power to maintain liberal principles of individual freedom. The paper also delves into different distributive principles for criminal liability and punishment, such as deterrence, rehabilitation, and empirical desert. It highlights the varying criteria, factors, and implications associated with these principles, emphasizing that they often collide in their allocation of criminal liability and punishment. Additionally, it discusses the significance of community-shared intuitions of justice in determining blameworthiness and punishment, drawing from social science research to understand ordinary individuals’ perceptions. Furthermore, the paper scrutinizes the grading of offenses, the secondary prohibitions within the criminal code, and the general exceptions provided by justifications. It acknowledges the complexity of ascribing degrees of seriousness to different crimes and the potential lack of consensus on these gradations, navigating the multifaceted landscape of criminal law and justice, offering a comprehensive analysis of substantive and procedural aspects, distributive principles, and the burden of proof. It advances a new perspective for justifying the operations of the criminal justice system while acknowledging the intricate interplay of different distributive principles and the complexities inherent in grading offenses and establishing degrees of seriousness.

Keywords :
Criminal Justice, Distributive Principles, Ethics, Law, Philosophy, Rehabilitation, Sentencing, Societal Values, Substantive Criminal Law, Theoretical Framework.

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